Diferencias morfométricas en el hueso palatino de la oveja (Ovis aries) y la cabra (Capra hircus) / Morphometric palatine differences between sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus)

RESUMEN: Un hueso craneal muy poco estudiado en anatomía veterinaria comparada es el palatino. En nuestro estudio, realizamos la comparación de este hueso entre la oveja (Ovis aries L., 1758) y la cabra (Capra hircus L., 1758), a partir de una muestra de 36 y 17 cráneos respectivamente, y utilizando métodos de morfometría geométrica. Se eligieron un total de 32 puntos (4 hitos y 28 semi-hitos) para analizar la lámina horizontal del hueso palatino. Se reflejaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas tanto para el tamaño como para la forma. En Capra se denota una clara expansión lateral del hueso y rostral y una contracción central, con un acercamiento relativo de los forámenes palatinos, mientras que en Ovis los forámenes están más lateralmente alejados. A nuestro parecer, esta mayor anchura y longitud de la lámina horizontal en Capra se explicaría por una mayor capacidad de frotación del alimento en relación a Ovis.

SUMMARY: Palatine is a cranial bone very less studied in comparative veterinary anatomy. In our study, we performed the comparison of this bone between sheep (Ovis aries L., 1758) and goat (Capra hircus L., 1758), from a sample of 36 and 17 skulls respectively, using methods of geometric morphology. A total of 32 points (4 landmarks and 28 semi-landmarks) were chosen to analyse the horizontal lamina of the palatine bone. Statistically significant differences were reflected for both size and shape. Capra denotes a clear lateral expansion of the bone and rostral and a central contraction, with a relative approach of palatine foramina, while in Ovis foramina are more laterally distant. In our view, this greater width of the horizontal lamina in Capra would be explained by a greater capacity to rub the food compared to Ovis.

A comparative analysis of sphenoid bone between domestic sheep (ovis aries) and goat (capra hircus) using geometric morphometrics.

The sphenoid bone forms the rostral part of the base of the neurocranium and is composed of two segments, the presphenoid [os praesphenoidale] and the basisphenoid [os basisphenoidale]. Rarely studied in osteology, we tested whether it can provide distinctive features between domestic sheep (Ovis aries L., 1758) and goat (Capra hircus L., 1758). For this goal, we studied a sample comprised by 53 dry modern skulls of adult sheep (n = 36) and goat (n = 17) subjects from a modern comparative collection by means of geometric morphometric techniques using a total of 26 anatomical points (2 saggital landmarks and 24 semilandmarks). Results showed that form (size + shape) differences appear between both species: sphenoid among sheep tends to be bigger, longer and wider than in goats, differences of width being mainly located on basisphenoid width.

Prescription drugs associated with false-positive results when using faecal immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer screening.

BACKGROUND: The most common side effect in population screening programmes is a false-positive result which leads to unnecessary risks and costs. AIMS: To identify factors associated with false-positive results in a colorectal cancer screening programme with the faecal immunochemical test (FIT). METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 472 participants with a positive FIT who underwent colonoscopy for confirmation of diagnosis between 2013 and 2014. A false-positive result was defined as having a positive FIT (≥20µg haemoglobin per gram of faeces) and follow-up colonoscopy without intermediate/high-risk lesions or cancer. RESULTS: Women showed a two-fold increased likelihood of a false-positive result compared with men (adjusted OR, 2.3; 95%CI, 1.5-3.4), but no female-specific factor was identified. The other variables associated with a false-positive result were successive screening (adjusted OR, 1.5; 95%CI, 1.0-2.2), anal disorders (adjusted OR, 3.1; 95%CI, 2.1-4.5) and the use of proton pump inhibitors (adjusted OR, 1.8; 95%CI, 1.1-2.9). Successive screening and proton pump inhibitor use were associated with FP in men. None of the other drugs were related to a false-positive FIT. CONCLUSION: Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors at the time of FIT might increase the likelihood of a false-positive result. Further investigation is needed to determine whether discontinuing them could decrease the false-positive rate.

Cánceres de intervalo y sensibilidad de los programas poblacionales de cribado de cáncer colorrectal / Interval cancers and episode sensitivity in population-based screening programmes for colorectal cancer: a systematic review

Objetivo: Describir los cánceres de intervalo y la sensibilidad de los programas de cribado de cáncer colorrectal. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura con búsqueda en MEDLINE. La estrategia de búsqueda combina los términos ‘cáncer de intervalo’, ‘falso negativo’, ‘cribado’, ‘cribado poblacional’, ‘detección precoz de cáncer’ y ‘cáncer colorrectal’. Los criterios de inclusión fueron programas poblacionales de cribado de cáncer colorrectal, artículos originales en inglés o español, y fechas de publicación comprendidas entre enero de 1999 y febrero de 2015. Se realizó una síntesis narrativa de los artículos incluidos, detallando las características de los programas de cribado y de los cánceres de intervalo, y la sensibilidad del cribado utilizando como indicador el número de cánceres detectados mediante el cribado dividido por el total de tumores diagnosticados en la población cribada (método tradicional) o la incidencia proporcional, calculada como la incidencia de cánceres de intervalo en relación con la incidencia esperada en ausencia de cribado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 artículos. La sensibilidad de los programas de cribado osciló entre el 42,2% y el 65,3% en los programas que utilizan el test del guayaco, y entre el 59,1% y el 87,0% con el test inmunológico. Se ha encontrado una mayor proporción de mujeres a las que se diagnosticó un cáncer de intervalo, y que estas lesiones estaban mayoritariamente localizadas en el colon proximal. Conclusión: Existe una gran variabilidad en la proporción de cánceres de intervalo en los programas poblacionales de cáncer colorrectal. Para garantizar la comparabilidad entre programas, es necesario un consenso en la definición operacional de cánceres de intervalo y en los métodos utilizados para su identificación y cuantificación (AU)

Objective: To describe interval cancers (IC) and the sensitivity of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programmes. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted through a MEDLINE (PubMed) search. The search strategy combined the terms ‘interval cancer’, ‘false negative’, ‘mass screening’, ‘screening’ ‘early detection of cancer’, ‘colorectal cancer’ and ‘bowel cancer’. Inclusion criteria consisted of population-based screening programmes, original articles written in English or Spanish and publication dates between 1999/01/01 and 2015/02/28. A narrative synthesis of the included articles was performed detailing the characteristics of the screening programmes, the IC rate, and the information sources used in each study. Results: Thirteen articles were included. The episode sensitivity of CRC screening programmes ranged from 42.2% to 65.3% in programmes using the guaiac test and between 59.1% and 87.0% with the immunochemical test. We found a higher proportion of women who were diagnosed with IC and these lesions were mainly located in the proximal colon. Conclusion: There is wide variability in the IC rate in CRC programmes. To ensure comparability between programmes, there is a need for consensus on the working definition of IC and the methods used for their identification and quantification (AU)

[Interval cancers and episode sensitivity in population-based screening programmes for colorectal cancer: a systematic review]. / Cánceres de intervalo y sensibilidad de los programas poblacionales de cribado de cáncer colorrectal.

OBJECTIVE: To describe interval cancers (IC) and the sensitivity of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programmes. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted through a MEDLINE (PubMed) search. The search strategy combined the terms 'interval cancer', 'false negative', 'mass screening', 'screening' 'early detection of cancer', 'colorectal cancer' and 'bowel cancer'. Inclusion criteria consisted of population-based screening programmes, original articles written in English or Spanish and publication dates between 1999/01/01 and 2015/02/28. A narrative synthesis of the included articles was performed detailing the characteristics of the screening programmes, the IC rate, and the information sources used in each study. RESULTS: Thirteen articles were included. The episode sensitivity of CRC screening programmes ranged from 42.2% to 65.3% in programmes using the guaiac test and between 59.1% and 87.0% with the immunochemical test. We found a higher proportion of women who were diagnosed with IC and these lesions were mainly located in the proximal colon. CONCLUSION: There is wide variability in the IC rate in CRC programmes. To ensure comparability between programmes, there is a need for consensus on the working definition of IC and the methods used for their identification and quantification.